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They do not transmit disease to humans in the United States. Also known as “buffalo gnats,” they are usually encountered near creeks and rivers where the larvae attach to submerged stones.īlack flies will fly up to 10 miles in search of blood. Like other flies, black flies are creatures of moist environments. Like the adults, stable fly larvae are nearly identical to the larvae of house flies.Īdult black flies are small, no more than 1/8-inch long with broad wings and a humpbacked appearance. Stable flies lay eggs in piles of rotting vegetable matter, such as haystacks, grass clippings, manure and vegetation along shorelines. They typically bite in early morning or late afternoon and often attack the ankles, inflicting a sharp, stabbing pain. They are most abundant in late summer and fall, and will fly several miles to bite livestock (hence the name), pets and people. This fly looks like a house fly, except for the pointed proboscis beneath its head through which it sucks blood. The stable fly is a about ¼-inch long and gray with four dark stripes on its thorax (behind the head). The life cycle may take two years to complete. Like deer fly larvae, the larvae of horse flies usually live in water or moist locations where they prey on other insects, grow and migrate to dryer soil to undergo the pupal (cocoon) stage. Horse flies are strong, fast fliers that feed on the blood of livestock and other animals. Others, known as “greenheads,” are light brown with shiny green eyes. Because of this relatively crude means of obtaining blood, the bites can be painful. Both deer flies and horse flies bite with scissor-like mouthparts that cut into skin, causing blood flow which the flies lap up. They can be quite bothersome, buzzing around a person’s head, especially where large numbers are present. The adult flies are often encountered along trails near streams, lakes, ponds, marshes and swamps. The maggot-like larvae (immature stage) of deer flies are aquatic.
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The eyes of some deer flies and horse flies are iridescent green. They are typically yellow-brown to black with dark bands on their wings. They are medium-size flies, approximately ¼-inch long, about the size of a house fly. Tularemia, also known as “rabbit fever,” is a bacterial disease that can be acquired from contact with objects or infected animals, from the bites of ticks and, occasionally, from the bites of the deer fly, Chrysops discalis.ĭeer flies are most prevalent in the spring. In addition, the bites of black flies (Simuliidae), horse flies (Tabanidae) and stable flies ( Stomoxys calcitrans), can produce severe allergic reactions.ĭeer flies are one of the few types of flies that transmit disease to people in the United States. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) transmit a variety of diseases and, in the U.S., infect livestock with blue tongue virus. In the United States, one deer fly species ( Chrysops discalis) can transmit tularemia. Sand flies (Psychodidae) transmit sand fly fever, bartonellosis and leischmaniasis in many parts of the world. In sensitive individuals, the fly’s saliva can trigger life-threatening allergic reactions.īiting flies transmit debilitating diseases to millions of people worldwide. Once a suitable host is located, a biting fly inserts its piercing mouthparts, lacerates the skin, then injects its anticoagulant-containing saliva to keep the blood flowing. Like mosquitoes, biting flies locate humans and other animals by sensing certain substances, including the carbon dioxide and moisture in exhaled breath, dark colors and movement, warmth and perspiration. A fly has mouthparts designed to suck up liquids and for piercing, if the fly is one that bites other animals. What is a fly? While most winged insects have four wings, flies have only two wings. For information about mosquitoes, see Mosquitoes and Disease at This fact sheet focuses on other types of biting flies. Though there are many types of biting flies, mosquitoes account for most of the biting. Nearly everyone has been bitten by a fly of one sort or another.